The Archive：Rewriting Histories
档案：重构历史（节选）
文／Eva Respini︱译／西毒
从照片被发明以来，它已经称为档案的代名词了，如今最常见的档案文件就是照片。照片的特性非常契合档案用来记录、分类以及整理知识的功能。档案摄影由记录犯罪案件、考古发现等等社会事件发展而来, 通常用于永久性的档案储存，给予历史以可靠性和证据支持，并促进了人类学、社会学和科技的发展。
摄影师从摄影术发明之际便开始探索照片与证据、历史和信息的关系。在过去的四十年中，由于照片的普及性、大量网络信息的涌现，以及数码影像的不断增殖，同时作为主体和形式的档案变成一个众矢之的。通过对档案文件和逻辑组织系统的重新解释和再应用，艺术家们挑战了档案的权威和重要性。
其中一种策略是转化官方档案的语境，并制造新的叙事，从而质疑摄影的真实性。加利福尼亚艺术家Larry Sultan和Mike Mandel共同拍摄的“Evidence”便是这种创作方法的先驱。艺术家从公共和私人档案中梳理了四十万张照片，从中选出九十九张照片作为最终成书和展览的集合，从而创造出一中神秘、有趣，甚至充满幽默感的叙事结构。
而有些艺术家探讨的是照片重现历史的局限性，德国艺术家Michael Schmidt的“U-NI-TY”创作于柏林墙倒塌的第二年，他集合了公共和私人的影像将统一后的德国形象化，并探讨了激情澎湃的德国人背后的身份危机。
中国艺术家海波的系列作品“他们”，其中交织了时间和记忆，从个人角度审视了文化大革命，每一对照片都含有一张文革时期红卫兵合影和一张现代版本的合影，这以鲜明对比凸显了过去三十年中国社会的现代化，特别是西方化进程。
二十世纪末和新世纪初，公共和个人领域之间的界线越来越模糊，艺术家开始运用个人肖像去体现公共事件。在系列“May, June, July, August”中，艺术家Lorna Simpson从一本ebay买来的相册着手，在这本1957年的相册中，一位不知名的洛杉矶女性在照片中摆出各种海报女郎的姿势，艺术家模仿照片中的场景和姿势重新演绎了快照内容，给予它们以不同的格调和新的公共职能。
照片担当了历史的见证者，自从十九世纪中叶的克里米亚战争以来，阴森可怖、充满暴力的历史瞬间让我们意识到记忆和理解之间的差距是如此之大。越南战场的照片甚至成为左右公众舆论的关键点，从而产生规模浩大的反战运动。档案摄影提出了一系列有关作者、权威和图像阅读的问题，同时引人反思这一媒介在建构历史叙事中所发挥的关键作用。
▼
Carrie Mae Weems
American, born 1953
卡丽·梅·维姆斯
From here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995
Thirty-four chromogenic color prints with sandblasted text on glass (10 shown)
Gift on behalf of The Friends of Education of The Museum of Modern Art, 1997
Taryn Simon
American, born 1975
塔林·西蒙
Chapter I, A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters I-XVIII. 2011
Three pigmented inkjet prints (213.4×301.6 cm)
Gift of the Fundacion Almine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2012
▼
Gilles Peress
French, born 1946
吉尔·佩雷斯
The Silence. 1994
Twenty two gelatin silver prints (six shown)
Gift of Susan and Peter MacGill, 2007
▼
Hai Bo
Chinese, born 1962
海波
The No. 6. 1999
Two chromogenic color prints. each (60.9×87.6 cm)
The Family of Man Fund, 2008
▼
Bertien van Manen
Dutch, born 1942
博蒂·范·梅南
Munich, Germany, from the series Give Me Your Image. 2002-05
Chromogenic color print (32.2×48.2 cm)
E. T. Harmax Foundation Fund, 2005
▼
Gay Block
American, born 1942
盖伊·布洛克
Adele Defarges, France, from the series Rescures: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocause. 1988
Chromogenic color print (57.4×47 cm)
Gift of the artist, 1994
▼
Lorna Simpson
American, born 1960
劳娜·辛普森
May, June, July, August #8. 2009
Twelve gelatin prints (12.7×12.7 cm)
Aquired through the generosity of The Contemporary Arts Council of The Museum of Modern Art, 2010
▼
Akram Zaatari
Lebanses, born 1966
阿克朗·扎塔利
After They Got the Right to Arms. Fourteen Young Men Posing with Guns. Early 1970s/2006
Siteen gelatin silver prints (28.8×28.8 cm)
Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2012
▼
Christian Boltanski
French, born 1944
克莉丝汀·博尔塔斯基
The Storehouse. 1988
Seven gelatin silver prints with seven electric lamps and 192 tin biscuit boxes containing cloth fragments (211.2×375.8 cm)
Jerry I. Speyer Mr. and Mrs. Gifford Phillips, Barbara Jackson, and Arnold A. Saltzan Funds, and purchase, 2989
▼
Carlos Garaicoa
Cuba, born 1967
卡洛斯·加赖科亚
Untitled (L.A.). 2004
Two gelatin silver prints, one with thread and pins (100.3×150.5 cm)
Fund of the Twenty-First Century, 2005
▼
Walid Raad
Lebanese, born 1967
瓦利德·拉德
My neck is thinner than a hair: Engines. 1996-2004
One hundred gelatin silver prints (24×34 cm)
Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2004
▼
Michael Schmidt
German, 1945-2014
迈克尔·施密特
U-NI-TY. 1991-94
163 gelatin silver prints (thirty-one shown)
Horace W. Goldsmith Fund through Robert B. Menschel and purchase, 1998
▼
Zoe Leonard
American, born 1961
佐伊·伦纳德
Analogue. 1998-2009
342 chromogenic color prints and 70 gelatin silver prints
Aquired through the generosity of The Contemporary Arts Counil of The Museum of Modern Art, 2013
▼
David Wojnarowicz
American, 1954-1992
大卫·沃纳洛维次
Weight of the Earth, Part I. 1988
Fourteen gelatin silver prints (99.1×104.8 cm)
The Family of Man Fund, 1991
▼
Roni Horn
American, born 1955
罗尼·霍恩
Still Water. 1999
Eighy offset lithographs (81.6×57.5 cm)
Aquired through the generosity of Kathy and Richard S. Fuld, Jr., 2007
▼
Olafur Eliasson
Danish and Icelandic, born 1967
奥拉维尔·埃利亚松
Jokla Series. 2004
Fourty-eight chromogenic color prints (36×54 cm)
Aquired through the generosity of Jerry I. Speyer, Marie-Josee Kravis, and Micheal Lynne, 2006
▼
Hans-Peter Feldmann
American, born 1969
汉斯-皮特·费尔德曼
11 Pictures. 1973
Artist's Book (9.7×9.8 cm)
The Museum of Modern Art Library, New York, 1986
▼
Takuma Nakahira
Japanese, born 1938
中平卓马
C-084, from the series Circulation: Date, Olace, Events. 1971
Gelatin silver print, printed 2013 (32.1×48 cm)
David H. McAlpin Fund, 2014
▼
Larry Sultan
American, 1946-2009
拉里·苏尔坦
Evidence. 1977
Artist's book (23.5×225.5 cm)
The Museum of Modern Art Library, New York, 1987
▼
Rachel Harrison
American, born 1966
雷切尔·哈里森
Voyage of the Beagle. 2007
Fifty-seven pigmented inkjet prints (twelve shown)
Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2007
▼
Phil Collins
British, born 1970
菲尔·柯林斯
free fotolab. 2009
Eighty 35mm slides (four shown)
Fund for the Twenty-First Century. 2011
▼
Jan De Cock
Belgian, born 1976
简·德·库克
Denkmal 11, Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53 Street, New York, 2008. Diptych 23, Module CCCXX, Module CCCXXI. 2008
Two chromogenic color prints (133×79 cm)
Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2008
